Jenny Lind - Swedish Opera Singer Promoted By P.T. Barnum

Jenny Lind - Swedish Opera Singer Promoted By P.T. Barnum Jenny Lind was a European opera star who came to America in 1850 for a tour promoted by the great showman Phineas T. Barnum. When her ship arrived in New York Harbor, the city went crazy. A massive crowd of more than 30,000 New Yorkers greeted her. And what makes that especially astounding is that no one in America had ever heard her voice. Barnum, who relished being known as The Prince of Humbug, had managed to create incredible excitement based purely on Linds reputation as The Swedish Nightinagle. The American tour lasted for about 18 months, with Jenny Lind appearing in more than 90 concerts in American cities. Wherever she went, her public image of a virtuous songbird who dressed modestly and donated money to local charities gained favorable mentions in the newspapers. After about a year, Lind split from Barnums management. But the atmosphere created by Barnum in promoting a singer no one in America had even heard became legendary, and in some ways created a template for show business promotion that endures to the modern era. Early Life of Jenny Lind Jenny Lind was born October 6, 1820 to an impoverished and unmarried mother in Stockholm, Sweden. Her parents were both musicians, and young Jenny began singing at a very early age. As a child she began formal music lessons, and by the age of 21 she was singing in Paris. She returned to Stockholm and performed in a number of operas. Throughout the 1840s her fame grew in Europe. In 1847 she performed in London for Queen Victoria, and her ability to make crowds swoon became legendary. Phineas T. Barnum Heard About, But Had Not Heard, Jenny Lind The American showman Phineas T. Barnum, who operated an extremely popular museum in New York City and was known for exhibiting the diminutive superstar General Tom Thumb, heard about Jenny Lind and sent a representative to make an offer to bring her to America. Jenny Lind drove a hard bargain with Barnum, demanding that he deposit the equivalent of nearly $200,000 in a London bank as an advance payment before she would sail to America. Barnum had to borrow the money, but he arranged for her to come to New York and embark on a concert tour of the United States. Barnum, of course, was taking a considerable risk. In the days before recorded sound, people in America, including Barnum himself, had not even heard Jenny Lind sing. But Barnum knew her reputation for thrilling crowds, and set to work making Americans excited. Lind had acquired a new nickname, â€Å"The Swedish Nightingale,† and Barnum made sure that Americans heard about her. Rather than promote her as a serious musical talent, Barnum made it sound like Jenny Lind was some mystical being blessed with a heavenly voice. 1850 Arrival in New York City Jenny Lind sailed from Liverpool, England, in August 1850 aboard the steamship Atlantic. As the steamer entered New York harbor, signal flags let crowds know that Jenny Lind was arriving. Barnum approached in a small boat, boarded the steamship, and met his star for the first time. As the Atlantic approached its dock at the foot of Canal Street massive crowds began to gather. According to a book published in 1851, Jenny Lind in America, â€Å"some thirty or forty thousand people must have must have been collected together on the adjacent piers and shipping, as well as on all the roofs and in all the windows fronting the water.† The New York police had to push back the enormous crowds so Barnum and Jenny Lind could take a carriage to her hotel, the Irving House on Broadway. As night fell a parade of New York fire companies, carrying torches, escorted a group of local musicians who played serenades to Jenny Lind. Journalists estimated the crowd that night at  more than 20,000 revelers. Barnum had succeeded in drawing enormous crowds to Jenny Lind before she had even sung a single note in America. First Concert in America During her first week in New York, Jenny Lind made excursions to various concert halls with Barnum, to see which might be good enough to hold her concerts. Crowds followed their progress about the city, and anticipation for her concerts kept growing. Barnum finally announced that Jenny Lind would sing at Castle Garden. And as demand for tickets was so great, he announced that the first tickets would be sold by auction. The auction was held, and the first ticket to a Jenny Lind concert in America was sold for $225, an expensive concert ticket by today’s standards and a simply staggering amount in 1850. Most of the tickets to her first concert sold for about six dollars, but the publicity surrounding someone paying more than $200 for a ticket served its purpose. People across America read about it, and it seemed the whole country was curious to hear her. Lind’s first New York City concert was held at Castle Garden on September 11, 1850, before a crowd of about 1,500. She sang selections from operas, and finished with a new song written for her as a salute to the United States. When she had finished, the crowd roared and demanded that Barnum take the stage. The great showman came out and gave a brief speech in which he stated that Jenny Lind was going to donate a portion of the proceeds from her concerts to American charities. The crowd went wild. American Concert Tour Everywhere she went there was a Jenny Lind mania. Crowds greeted her and every concert sold out nearly immediately. She sang in Boston, Philadelphia, Washington, DC, Richmond, Virginia, and Charleston, South Carolina. Barnum even arranged for her to sail to Havana, Cuba, where she sang several concerts before sailing to New Orleans. After performing concerts in New Orleans, she sailed up the Mississippi on a riverboat. She performed in a church in the town of Natchez to a wildly appreciative rustic audience. Her tour continued to St. Louis, Nashville, Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and other cities. Crowds flocked to hear her, and those who couldn’t hear get tickets marveled at her generosity, as newspapers ran reports of the charitable contributions she was making along the way. At some point Jenny Lind and Barnum parted ways. She continued performing in America, but without Barnum’s talents at promotion she was not as big a draw. With the magic seemingly gone, she returned to Europe in 1852. Jenny Lind’s Later Life Jenny Lind married a musician and conductor she had met on her American tour, and they settled in Germany. By the late 1850s they moved to England, where she was still quite popular.  She became  ill in the 1880s, and died in 1887, at the age of 67. Her obituary in the Times of London estimated that her American tour had earned her $3 million, with Barnum making several times more.

Definition of Armature - Art History Glossary

Definition of Armature - Art History Glossary (noun) - In art, an armature is an underlying, unseen, supporting component (usually of wood or metal) for something else. Armatures are useful in sculpture, lost-wax casting (to help make the initial model three-dimensional) and even stop-motion animation puppets. Think of the chicken wire frame upon which plaster or papier mache strips are affixed in a sculpture, to get a mental visual. An even more dramatic example, designed by Alexandre Gustave Eiffel, is the iron armature inside Frà ©dà ©ric Auguste Bartholdis Statue of Liberty. Pronunciation arm ·a ·chur Common Misspellings amature, armeture Examples When this armature has been fixed, the artificer begins to take some fine earth, beaten together with horse dung and hair, as I said, and carefully lays a very thin coating all over which he allows to dry, and so on time after time with other coatings, always allowing each to dry until the figure becomes covered with earth raised to the thickness of half a span at the most. - Vasari on Technique (1907 trans.); pp. 160-161.

HCL gas detection by using manual air sampling pump Lab Report

HCL gas detection by using manual air sampling pump - Lab Report Example This, thus imply that, the Gas Detection Tubes were adopted in testing of more than 130 hazardous gases and vapors. Some of The such gases include Ammonia, Chlorine, Carbon monoxide, Bromonzene, formaldehyde, Hydrogen sulfide, Nitrous fumes, Hydrogen peroxide, Hexane, Hydrogen chloride, Sulfur dioxide, Nitrogen dioxide, phosphine among others (Bamberger, 1988). The detector tubes are the flame sealed glass made tubes that contain treated adsorbent granules that often react specific compounds thereby causing the given adsorbent to change its color. When in use, a sample is first collected through the process of attaching the detector tube onto some special bellows-type pump, which takes up a given known volume of air during each stroke. This is followed by measuring the length of the adsorbent bed, which would have undergone the color change. In this method, a gas sample is pulled through the glass tube with a reagent and a reaction between the solid reagent and the gas forming a char acteristic color that is quite irritating odor. Although not considered as a combustible gas, it may react and form combustible compounds when it is in contact with hydrogen cyanide and alcohol or with aluminum-titanium alloys. Dissolving Hydrogen Chloride gas in water yields a strong highly corrosive acid, HCL. It is for this reason that HCl gas is a strong irritant to the nose, eyes, and upper respiratory tract. HCL levels of 35 ppm can cause irritation to the throat even within a very short period of time. The manual sampling pump is a springless design for accurate 50 and 100 cc sample volumes pump. The flow finish indicator signals the stroke completion and build in tube tip breaker for a clean break every time. The hand operated precision piston works with the RAE System gas detection tubes (Bamberger, 1988). The features flow –finish indicator is used to signal stroke completion,

RESPONSE TO 8 QUESTIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

RESPONSE TO 8 QUESTIONS - Essay Example A empirical forecast of future conditions based on the data collected should be conducted so as to determine which problems will have a bearing on the future. The final step is the implementation. Guidelines on how the process is to be conducted should be given. Monitoring of the plan and performance evaluation is conducted after implementation begins. There should be an evaluation process to analyze and see whether the plan was properly implemented or not. The jurisdiction of the area; whether it is a city, town or state. Population size and density of the area should be calculated. Type of housing and locations have to be known. Physical conditions such as climate of the area, geology and soil type, and the drainage basins in the area should also be disclosed. The current conditions in regard to solid waste management should also be considered. This data is vital for planning the development of a proper Solid Waste Management system. The data is what is used to determine the size of the system that should be developed. Population size and density can be used for forecasting purposes. Physical conditions need to be considered so as not to build waste management systems at improper places to avoid pollution of the environment. An analysis of the current condition in regard to waste management can be used to see whether to develop a new system or just improve on the existing one (Shah 129). Question 2: As a MSW Manager, describe what major environmental issues, laws(federal), and stakeholders concerns would you need to address at1) a landfill disposal facility and 2) a composting facility? A landfill Disposal Facility should be built in a suitable geological area that is far away from wetlands, faults or such types of areas that are restricted. Landfills require liners made from plastic sheets or geo-membrane with a reinforcement of two feet of clay on the sides and floor of the landfill. Waste in

Online Courses vs In-Classroom Courses Essays -- Online Education vs.

The Internet has revolutionized the way in which children, teenagers, and young adults are educated. The Internet greatly impacts not only the field of education but every aspect of society. Tamar Lewin comments, â€Å"those ages 8 to 18 spend more than seven and a half hours a day connected to the Internet† (Lewin, A1). To that end, the Internet is prevalent in many homes throughout the world and continues to impact the way in which people are educated both in the classroom and even at home where a student performs homework. The impact of the Internet becomes evident, when one begins to examine similarities and differences between the slew of contemporary online courses compared to the conventional in-class experience. While it is true that one will find that both the online course and conventional in-class experience provide teachers that instruct their students on the subject matter, one will still find a vast array of differences between the two methods of education. Argu ably one of the most glaring differences between the modern online distance educational learning method and the traditional classroom setting, is the lack of personal attention that the teacher can convey to the student. For instance, online instructors relay information solely through online exercises such as planned web posts and scheduled modules that one must perform over the Internet. In contrast, in the classroom experience a student is afforded the opportunity to interact one-on-one with the teacher. Furthermore, the traditional method of instruction typically empowers each person with the ability to sit in a classroom and yet excel at their own pace. Truth be told, a number of Internet classes offer an option to stay online and interact with the teacher af... ...mar. â€Å"If Your Kids Are Awake, They’re Probably Online.† The New York Times. The New York Times, 20 Jan. 2010: A1. Web. 15 Apr. 2014. . Bartha, Christina, MSW, et al. â€Å"Depressive Illness.† Depressive Illness (1999): 14. Web. 8 Apr. 2014. Grano, Vivian. â€Å"An Investigation of the Effectiveness of Personal Attention by Reading Teachers Upon Students Attendance an Academic Achievement.† (1976) Abstract. Web. 10 Apr. 2014. http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED126482 Parsad, B., and Lewis, L. (2008). Distance Education at Degree-Granting Postsecondary Institutions. 3. Print. 2006-07 (NCES 2009-044). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Education. Washington, D.C.

Chain of Command

I'm often asked what the elements of command are for the U. S. Marine Corps. Much of the below information was provided by apacherat, a member of our message forum, and a former Marine (actually, there is no such thing as a â€Å"former† Marine): The Marine Corps has the â€Å"RULE of THREE. † I believe it was invented during the Anna Wars by Edison who invented the fire team concept that is used today. In a nutshell, the rule is this: each Marine has three things to worry about. Three men to a fire team commanded by a Corporal (so there are actually a total of four on the team, when you count the team leader).Three fire teams to a rifle squad commanded by a sergeant. Three rifle squads to a platoon commanded by a Lt.. Three rifle platoons to a company commanded by a Capt. Three companies to a battalion commanded by a Lt Col. etc. Team: Four individual Marines assigned to a specific team (Three team members, plus the team leader). Squad: Three Teams are assigned to a sp ecific squad. Platoon: Three squads are usually assigned to a specific platoon. Company (or Battery): Three platoons are assigned to a Company (sometimes called a battery).The Company/battery is the lowest level of command with a headquarters element (example, a Company Commander, or Company First Sergeant). Battalion: Three companies/batteries are assigned to form a battery a battalion. Regiment: Three battalions form a Regiment (Sometimes called a Brigade). Division: Three Brigades are assigned to make up a Division. Marine Corps: Three or more divisions make up the Marine Corps. MEU: In addition to the above, there are also MEUs (Marine Expeditionary Unit). With a strength of about 2,200 personnel, the MEU is normally built round a reinforced battalion, a composite aircraft squadron, and by a MEU Service Support group. Commanded by a colonel, the MEU is employed to fulfill routine forward deployments with fleets in the Mediterranean, the Western Pacific, and periodically, the Atl antic and Indian Oceans. The MEU is deployed on up to four Naval amphibious ships. The ground combat element (GCE) is the battalion landing team (BLT), an infantry battalion reinforced with artillery, amphibious assault vehicles, light armored reconnaissance assets and other units as the mission and circumstances require.The aviation combat element (ACE) is a Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron augmented with four types of helicopters into a composite squadron. These units include CH-53E â€Å"Super Stallions,† CH-46E â€Å"Sea Knights,† UH-1N â€Å"Hueys,† and AH-1W â€Å"Super Cobras. † Ace assets may also include the fixed-wing aircraft such as the AV-8B â€Å"Harrier† jet. The combat service support element is the MEU Service Support Group (MSSG) formed primarily from force service support groups assets. The MSSG contains all the logistics specialists necessary to keep the GCE, ACE and organic equipment functioning.Included within the MSSG are me dical, dental, maintenance, engineering, and other technical experts. The command element (CE) provides command and control of the other three elements. In addition to the MEU commander and his supporting staff, the CE includes specialized detachments providing a direct action capability, naval gunfire liaison capability, reconnaissance, and surveillance and specialized communications and electronics warfare capabilities. Marine Aviation The Marines structure their aviation commands a little differently. The structure for aviation commands are: Squadron: (applied to flying & non-flying units).In aircraft squadrons, the number of aircraft varies from 4 – 24, depending on the type of squadron. Non-flying squadrons include Marine Aviation Logistics Sqns (supply), Marine Wing Support Sqns (construction), Marine Air Control Sqns (air defense), Marine Air Support Sqns (Airfield control), Marine Tactical Air Command Sqns, Marine Wing Communications Sqns, Marine Wing Headquarters Sqn s (Admin). Group: (3 or more squadrons) Includes Marine Aircraft Group (MAG), Marine Wing Support Group (MWSG), Marine Air Control Group (MACG). The MAGs are usually all helo or all fixed-wing (MAG-36 in Okinawa has a KC-130 sqn attached)Wing: 3+ Groups. 2 or more MAGs + MWSG, MACG. For example, 1st MAW has 1 fixed-wing MAG (MAG-12)+ 2 helo MAG (MAG-36 + Aviation Support Element, Kaneohe). 2nd & 3rd MAW each have 2 fixed-wing + 2 helo MAGs. 4th MAW (Reserves) has 4 mixed MAGs There is no set size (number of troops) assigned to any specific element. The size of an element of command depends primarily upon the type of unit and mission. For example, an aviation squadron would have a different number of troops assigned than an infantry company because it has a different mission, different equipment, and therefore different requirements. Chain of Command With out the chain of command there would be no real order in how we as a whole work. The purpose of the chain of command is to tell people what they can and cannot do. So why we as a grown adults follow the chain of command, it is simple we choose to because of the fact that we raised are right hand and said yes I will. No matter how much we disagree with someone or something we should do it and then ask questions later that is the purpose of the chain without it what would we be.Consequences for disobeying the chain of command inside of the US Army are endless from as small as corrective training, verbal counseling, to being negatively counseled or given an Article 15. No matter what the circumstance's may be you should not go to someone outside of your chain of command first. Even if they are trying to help you, its still not following your chain of command. The people that should find out first about any problem is your NCO. For many reasons.One of the purposes of the chain of co mmand is to keep everyone informed of the situation at hand. The importance of the chain of command is that it provides stability when incidents come about that need to be dealt with. It sets up the structure for which you report all good and bad things, accidents, mistakes, tardiness and so on. All incidents in essence are intended to be dealt with on the lowest level before it is brought up to higher personnel as well as other reasons.It helps build leadership responsibility and common knowledge of how to run a stable work place. It helps people who are or would not normally be able to take control of situations and control how things are ran they can they can take control and help whoever it is with the problem. The chain of command allows for a problems to be dealt with on lower level and try to help this Marine with whatever issues they might be having. This is where the chain of command really starts to come into play.When a problem cannot be solved then the next higher up wil l attempt so on and so forth until every and all options have been attempted or tried is when you go to the top of the chain of command and have them deal with it how they feel is necessary. Other reasons the chain of command is important is that for instance there is an accident, health issue or personal problem. Someone needs to know what is wrong and where you’re at. Accountability is very important, not just to make sure you’re not Unaccounted for, to ensure that you are alive and well.You should follow your chain of command for the simple fact that alot of the problems or consequences of an incident could be lessened or the incident could not have any at all. Notifying your chain of command is not always beneficial meaning you get in trouble but they can start to figure out how to fix the problem. It is certainly more beneficial to you then trying to go around or above them and they find out that you tried to do this you be in alot more trouble than you probably w ould have been in the first place, again facing either corrective training, verbal counseling, negative counseling or Article 15.That was the way the chain of command is supposed to work even though we all in the military service know that fifty percent of the time it does not go that way because of the new regulations and all of this open door policy stuff yes that is a good way of alerting your chain of command of things you feel are wrong with the section of the chain that is directly above you. Yes, it is a good way to use the chain of command but always alert your immediate chain of command that you wish to speak to a higher level of the chain before you just up and do it for the simple fact that if you do jump the chain and no one knows.When that higher ups come and talk to the NCO’s you’ll get into trouble for not notifying your chain of your actions and hurting your purpose of what you may have been doing or tried accomplishing. The Chain of Command is simply c onstructed however. IF you have a problem or you want to attempt to get paperwork or have something done. You must first Go to your first line Supervisor, Which is normally your Team leader, but in some cases it may end up being your Squad Leader.But from your First line supervisor, it goes on up to the Squad leader, then Platoon Sergeant or Platoon Leader (again, all depends on your platoons’ structure). From there it works it way up to the Company First Sergeant, then Company Commander, From there it continues up the chain of command, to your Battalion Command Sergeant Major, Battalion Commander. Then to the respective Brigade CSM and Commander, up to Division, and so on. Until it hit the top and the Commander in chief, The President of the United States. Chain of Command I'm often asked what the elements of command are for the U. S. Marine Corps. Much of the below information was provided by apacherat, a member of our message forum, and a former Marine (actually, there is no such thing as a â€Å"former† Marine): The Marine Corps has the â€Å"RULE of THREE. † I believe it was invented during the Anna Wars by Edison who invented the fire team concept that is used today. In a nutshell, the rule is this: each Marine has three things to worry about. Three men to a fire team commanded by a Corporal (so there are actually a total of four on the team, when you count the team leader).Three fire teams to a rifle squad commanded by a sergeant. Three rifle squads to a platoon commanded by a Lt.. Three rifle platoons to a company commanded by a Capt. Three companies to a battalion commanded by a Lt Col. etc. Team: Four individual Marines assigned to a specific team (Three team members, plus the team leader). Squad: Three Teams are assigned to a sp ecific squad. Platoon: Three squads are usually assigned to a specific platoon. Company (or Battery): Three platoons are assigned to a Company (sometimes called a battery).The Company/battery is the lowest level of command with a headquarters element (example, a Company Commander, or Company First Sergeant). Battalion: Three companies/batteries are assigned to form a battery a battalion. Regiment: Three battalions form a Regiment (Sometimes called a Brigade). Division: Three Brigades are assigned to make up a Division. Marine Corps: Three or more divisions make up the Marine Corps. MEU: In addition to the above, there are also MEUs (Marine Expeditionary Unit). With a strength of about 2,200 personnel, the MEU is normally built round a reinforced battalion, a composite aircraft squadron, and by a MEU Service Support group. Commanded by a colonel, the MEU is employed to fulfill routine forward deployments with fleets in the Mediterranean, the Western Pacific, and periodically, the Atl antic and Indian Oceans. The MEU is deployed on up to four Naval amphibious ships. The ground combat element (GCE) is the battalion landing team (BLT), an infantry battalion reinforced with artillery, amphibious assault vehicles, light armored reconnaissance assets and other units as the mission and circumstances require.The aviation combat element (ACE) is a Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron augmented with four types of helicopters into a composite squadron. These units include CH-53E â€Å"Super Stallions,† CH-46E â€Å"Sea Knights,† UH-1N â€Å"Hueys,† and AH-1W â€Å"Super Cobras. † Ace assets may also include the fixed-wing aircraft such as the AV-8B â€Å"Harrier† jet. The combat service support element is the MEU Service Support Group (MSSG) formed primarily from force service support groups assets. The MSSG contains all the logistics specialists necessary to keep the GCE, ACE and organic equipment functioning.Included within the MSSG are me dical, dental, maintenance, engineering, and other technical experts. The command element (CE) provides command and control of the other three elements. In addition to the MEU commander and his supporting staff, the CE includes specialized detachments providing a direct action capability, naval gunfire liaison capability, reconnaissance, and surveillance and specialized communications and electronics warfare capabilities. Marine Aviation The Marines structure their aviation commands a little differently. The structure for aviation commands are: Squadron: (applied to flying & non-flying units).In aircraft squadrons, the number of aircraft varies from 4 – 24, depending on the type of squadron. Non-flying squadrons include Marine Aviation Logistics Sqns (supply), Marine Wing Support Sqns (construction), Marine Air Control Sqns (air defense), Marine Air Support Sqns (Airfield control), Marine Tactical Air Command Sqns, Marine Wing Communications Sqns, Marine Wing Headquarters Sqn s (Admin). Group: (3 or more squadrons) Includes Marine Aircraft Group (MAG), Marine Wing Support Group (MWSG), Marine Air Control Group (MACG). The MAGs are usually all helo or all fixed-wing (MAG-36 in Okinawa has a KC-130 sqn attached)Wing: 3+ Groups. 2 or more MAGs + MWSG, MACG. For example, 1st MAW has 1 fixed-wing MAG (MAG-12)+ 2 helo MAG (MAG-36 + Aviation Support Element, Kaneohe). 2nd & 3rd MAW each have 2 fixed-wing + 2 helo MAGs. 4th MAW (Reserves) has 4 mixed MAGs There is no set size (number of troops) assigned to any specific element. The size of an element of command depends primarily upon the type of unit and mission. For example, an aviation squadron would have a different number of troops assigned than an infantry company because it has a different mission, different equipment, and therefore different requirements.

Powerful Female Pharaohs of Egypt